CubeSats are rapidly gaining popularity, with more than 2000 launched so far. However, their small size limits their options for advanced space exploration technologies, particularly propulsion. This becomes critical when missions require travel to other planets or asteroids.
A team from Khalifa University of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi recently reviewed various CubeSat propulsion technologies in Aerospace, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
Propulsion systems are categorized into four types: Chemical, Kinetic, Electrical, and “Propellant-less.” Chemical systems, like traditional rockets, use chemical reactions to produce thrust but are often too bulky for CubeSats. Kinetic systems, including Cold Gas and Resistojet configurations, push gas molecules out for propulsion, with Resistojet systems slightly heating the gas before expulsion.
Electrical systems use electric energy to heat propellants. They include Electrothermal discharge, Electrostatic, and Electromagnetic systems. While effective, they require advanced materials and high-precision machining, making them complex to develop.
Propellant-less systems, like solar sails, use space forces to move. Although still largely conceptual, they offer limitless thrust potential but are constrained by size and material requirements.
As CubeSat development continues, more propulsion ideas will emerge. With decreasing launch costs, CubeSats are becoming an attractive platform for various industries and organizations, relying on their propulsion systems for successful missions.
Featured image: Credit: University of Virginia
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